Software Engineering and Management
Software Lifecycle Models: Introduction, Waterfall Model and its Variants: Classical Waterfall Model, Iterative Waterfall Model, V-Model, Prototyping Model, Incremental Development Model and Evolutionary Model. Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model, Spiral Model, Agile Development Models, Selection of Appropriate Lifecycle model for a project
Requirement Analysis and Specifications: Requirement Gathering and Analysis, Software Requirement Specification (SRS), Techniques for Handling Complex Logic through Semi-Formal techniques: Decision Trees and Tables, Formal System Specifications using Algebraic Specifications and Axiomatic Specifications.
Software Project Management Techniques: Techniques for Project Size Estimation: Lines of Code (LOC) and Function Point (FP). Project Estimation Techniques: Empirical Estimation Techniques, Heuristic Estimation Techniques: COCOMO, Complete COCOMO and COCOMO 2, Analytical Technique: Halstead’s Software Science. Staffing level Estimation, Project Scheduling: Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Activity Networks, Critical Path Method, PERT Chart, Earned Value Analysis, Project Crashing.
Software Design: Outcome of Design Process, Classification of Design Methodologies, Characteristics of a Good Design, Modularity of Design, Cohesion and Coupling, Classification of Cohesion and Coupling. Function-Oriented Design and Object-Oriented Design
Software Reliability: Software Reliability: Hardware versus Software reliability, Reliability Metrics, Reliability Growth Models: Jelinski and Moranda Model, Littlewood and Verall’s Model, Basic Execution Model and Logarithmic Poisson Execution Model
Software Coding and Testing: Software Coding: Errors, faults and Failures, Techniques for Reducing the Bugs in program. Software Testing: Verification and validation, Pesticide Effect in testing, Test Cases, Minimal Test Suite, Unit Testing, Black-box Testing Strategies: Equivalence Class Partitioning Testing and its Derivatives, Special Value Testing Strategies: Boundary Value Analysis, Robustness Testing, Combinatorial Testing Strategies: Decision Table-Based testing and Pair-Wise Testing. White-Box Testing Strategies: Strong testing, Weaker testing, Complimentary testing, Coverage-Based Testing Strategies: Statement Coverage, Branch Coverage, Path Coverage, Condition Coverage, MC/DC Coverage, Data flow-based Testing Strategies
Software Architecture
Introduction: Introduction to Software Architecture and its importance What is Software Architecture? Architecture Structure and Patterns, Good architecture, Importance of Software architecture, Contexts of Software architecture, Design vs Architecture
Software Quality Attributes: Quality Classes, Understanding Quality Attributes: Usability, Availability, Interoperability, Testability, Performance, Modifiability, Security, Other Quality Attributes, Tactics
Designing the Architecture: Architecture and Requirements, Designing an architecture, Modularity of Software Architectures: Documenting the Architecture Documenting Software Architectures, Reliability
Architecture Patterns: Layering Patterns, Pipe & Filter, Blackboard, Distributed Systems, Reflection, Publish-Subscribe, Map-Reduce Patterns, MVC, Architecture Implementation, Testing, Reconstruction, Conformance, Linear Programming Model for Design Moving From Software Architecture to Software Design, Reliability of S/W Architectures, Physical View Introduction, Creational, Structure, Behaviour, Product Line and Product Mix of S/W Architectures Architecture Management, Architecture in the Context of Cloud Introduction to Cloud Computing, Service Models, Case, Software Architecture: Past, Present, and Future
Software Testing:
Preliminaries: Software Testing: Humans, Errors, and Testing (Errors, faults, and failures, Test automation, Developer and tester as two roles) Software Quality: Quality attributes, Reliability, Requirements, Behavior, and Correctness: Input domain, Specifying program behavior, Valid and invalid inputs, Correctness Versus Reliability: Correctness, Reliability, Operational profiles, Testing and Debugging: Preparing a test plan, Constructing test data, Executing the program, Assessing program correctness, Constructing an oracle, Test Metrics: Organizational metrics, Project metrics, Process metrics, Product metrics: generic, Product metrics: OO software, Progress monitoring and trends, Static and dynamic metrics, Testability, Software and Hardware Testing: Testing and Verification:, Defect Management:, Test Generation Strategies:, Static Testing: Walkthroughs, Inspections, Software complexity and static testing, Model-Based Testing and Model Checking: Types of Testing, Classifier: C1: Source of test generation, Classifier: C2: Life cycle phase, Classifier: C3: Goal-directed testing, Classifier: C4: Artifact under test, Classifier: C5: Test process models, The Saturation Effect: Confidence and true reliability, Saturation region, False sense of confidence, Reducing Δ, Impact on test process, Principles of Testing
Preliminaries: Mathematical: Predicates and Boolean Expressions, Control Flow Graph, Basic blocks, Flow graphs, Paths, Basis paths, Path conditions and domains, Domain and computation errors, Static code analysis tools and static testing, Execution History: Dominators and Post-Dominators, Program Dependence Graph, Data dependence, Control dependence, Call graph, Strings, Languages, and Regular Expressions
Domain Partitioning: Introduction, The Test Selection Problem, Equivalence Partitioning: Faults targeted, Relations, Equivalence classes for variables, Unidimensional partitioning versus multidimensional partitioning, A systematic procedure, Test selection, Impact of GUI design, Boundary Value Analysis:, Category-partition Method:, Steps in the category-partition method
Predicate Analysis: Introduction, Domain Testing: Domain errors, Border shifts, ON- OFF points, Undetected errors, Coincidental correctness, Paths to be tested, Cause-effect Graphing: Notation used in cause-effect graphing, Creating cause-effect graphs, Decision table from cause-effect graph, Heuristics to avoid combinatorial explosion, Test generation from a decision table, Tests Using Predicate Syntax: (A fault model, Missing or extra Boolean variable faults, Predicate constraints, Predicate testing criteria, BOR, BRO, and BRE adequate tests, BOR constraints for non-singular expressions, Cause-effect graphs and predicate testing, Fault propagation, Predicate testing in practice), Tests Using Basis Paths:, Scenarios and Tests
Test Generation From Finite State Models: Software Design and Testing, Finite State Machines, Excitation using an input sequence, Tabular representation, Properties of FSM, Conformance Testing, Reset inputs, The testing problem, A Fault Model, Mutants of FSMs, Fault coverage, Characterization Set, Construction of the k-equivalence partitions, Deriving the characterization set, Identification sets, The W-Method, Assumptions, Maximum number of states, Computation of the transition cover set, Constructing Ζ, Deriving a test set , Testing using the W-method, The error detection process, The Partial W-Method, Testing using the Wp-method for m = n, Testing using the Wp-method for m > n, The Uio-sequence Method, Assumptions, UIO sequences, Core and non-core behavior, Generation of UIO sequences, Explanation of gen-uio, Distinguishing signatures, Test generation, Test optimization, Fault detection, Automata Theoretic Versus Control- Flow Based Techniques, n-switch-cover, Comparing automata theoretic methods
Test Generation from Combinatorial Designs: Combinatorial Designs,Test configuration and test set, Modeling the input and configuration spaces, A Combinatorial Test Design Process, Fault Model, Fault vectors, Latin Squares, Mutually Orthogonal Latin Squares, Pairwise Design: Binary Factors, Pairwise Design: Multi-Valued Factors, Shortcomings of using MOLS for test design, Orthogonal Arrays, Mixed-level orthogonal arrays, Covering And Mixed-level Covering Arrays, Mixed-level covering arrays, Arrays of Strength > 2, Generating Covering Arrays
Test Adequacy Assessment Using Control Flow and Data Flow: Test Adequacy: Basics, (What is test adequacy?), Measurement of test adequacy, Test enhancement using measurements of adequacy, Infeasibility and test adequacy, Error detection and test enhancement, Single and multiple executions, Adequacy Criteria Based on Control Flow: (Statement and block coverage, Conditions and decisions, Decision coverage, Condition coverage, Condition/decision coverage, Multiple condition coverage, Linear code sequence and jump (LCSAJ) coverage, Modified condition/decision coverage, MC/DC adequate tests for compound conditions, Definition of MC/DC coverage, Minimal MC/DC tests, Error detection and MC/DC adequacy, Short-circuit evaluation and infeasibility, Basis path coverage, Tracing test cases to requirements), Concepts from Data Flow: (Definitions and uses, C-use and p-use, Global and local definitions and uses, Data flow graph, Def-clear paths, Def-use pairs, Def-use chains, A little optimization, Data contexts and ordered data contexts), Adequacy Criteria Based on Data Flow: (c-use coverage, p-use coverage, All-uses coverage, k-dr chain coverage, Using the k-dr chain coverage, Infeasible c- and p-uses, Context coverage), Control Flow Versus Data Flow:, The “Subsumes” Relation, Structural and Functional Testing, Scalability of Coverage Measurement
Test Selection, Minimization, and Prioritization for Regression Testing: What is Regression Testing?, Regression Test Process: (Revalidation, selection, minimization, and prioritization, Test setup, Test sequencing, Test execution, Output comparison), Regression Test Selection: the Problem, Selecting Regression Tests: (Test all, Random selection, Selecting modification traversing tests, Test minimization, Test prioritization), Test Selection Using Execution Trace: Obtaining the execution trace, Selecting regression tests, Handling function calls, Handling changes in declarations, Test Selection Using Dynamic Slicing: (Dynamic slicing, Computation of dynamic slices, Selecting tests, Potential dependence, Computing the relevant slice, Addition and deletion of statements, Identifying variables for slicing, Reduced dynamic dependence graph, Scalability of Test Selection Algorithms), Test Minimization: (The set cover problem, A procedure for test minimization, Test Prioritization).
Unit Testing: Introduction, Context, Test Design, Using JUnit, Stubs and Mocks: Using mock objects
Integration Testing: Introduction, Integration Errors, Dependence: (Class relationships: static, Class relationships: dynamic, Class firewalls, Precise and imprecise relationships), OO versus Non-OO Programs, Integration Hierarchy, Choosing an integration strategy, Comparing integration strategies, Specific stubs and retesting, Finding a Near-optimal Test Order: (The TD method, The TJJM method, The BLW method, Comparison of TD, TJJM, and the BLW methods, Which test order algorithm to select?), Test Generation: (Data variety, Data constraints), Test Assessment.
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