Central Analytical Laboratory

The Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL, B-108 & D-109) is well equipped with a number of sophisticated analytical instruments for the regular course works and research related activities. The following instrumental facilities as already established and available for services.

State-of-the-Art Facilities and Specifications

Small/Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS)

Make: Xenocs SAS: France

Model: Nano-inXider SW-L SAXS/WAXS System with dual detector

Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) is an analytical technique giving access to information about the structure of materials at the nano- and meso- scale. Measurements can be made on almost any sample, but most often is used for soft matter and nanostructured materials. SAXS is a primary characterization tool for polymers, surfactants, colloids, proteins, porous media, nanoparticles and nanocomposites.

X-ray Source

Cu Kα micro-focus copper X-ray tube

Accessories:

Multiple sample holders for powder and gels
Low noise Flow cell for measurement on liquids
High temperature sample stage [-150° C to 350° C]
GISAXS stage (grazing incidence)
Tensile 200 N force: Measurable force range: 0 N to 200 N with 0.01 N resolution

Software:

Xenocs XSACT Software for data analysis

Contact Angle Goniometer

Make: Biolin Scientific

Model: Theta Flex

Contact Angle: The contact angle measurements are useful in determining the surface wettability of various liquids over material surfaces. The measurements can provide the information on the surface free energy of the surfaces. Moreover, the technique is also capable of analysing the surface and interfacial tension of pure liquids and liquids containing surface active agents (surfactants).

Technical specifications:

Contact angle measurement range: 0 – 180°
Accuracy, Resolution: +/- 0.1°, 0.01°
Max Temperature: 250 °C
Camera maximum measuring speed & Maximum resolution: 3009 fps, 1984 ×1264 pixel (min 672 × 57).

Thermogravimetry-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC)

Make: Setaram

Model: Themys one+

TG-DSC: This instrument measures the mass and thermal fluctuations as a function of temperature in a sample. This is used to follow physical and chemical changes such as melting, crystallization, glass transition, endothermic and exothermic reactions.

Technical specifications:

Temperature range: RT- 1600 ℃
TG-DTA measurement range: up to 1600 ℃
DSC measurement range: up to 1600 ℃
Programmable rate: 0.01 to 100 ℃/min
Atmosphere: Nitrogen, Air
Flow rate: 50,100 mL/min
Sensitivity of microbalance: 0.1 mg

Cell Sorter

Make: BD Biosciences

Model: BD FACSAria III Cell Sorter

Cell Sorter: Cell sorting is the process of taking cells from an organism and separating them according to their type. The cells are labelled and tagged to identify areas of interest and their effect. They are separated based on differences in cell size, morphology (shape), and surface protein expression.

Technical specifications:

Three Laser system
Laser-1: 488 nm Blue laser, Laser-2: 633nm Red Laser, Laser-3: 405nm Violet Laser
Automatic Sample Input Agitation Operating temperature range: -20° C to 120° C

Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC)

Make: BIO RAD

Model: NGC QuestTM 100plus

FPLC is a form of medium-pressure chromatography that uses a pump to control the speed at which the mobile phase passes through the stationary phase. FPLC was introduced in 1982 by Pharmacia as fast performance liquid chromatography. Since then, many different medium-pressure chromatography systems have been developed. It should be noted that researchers often use the terms fast protein liquid chromatography, FPLC, and medium-pressure chromatography interchangeably.

Technical specifications:

Multiwavelengths (UV/Vis)
Conductivity detection
Automated sample injection
Flow rate 0.01-100 mL/min at 1450 psi (100 bar,10 MPa)

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS)

Make: Thermo Fisher Scientific Pvt. Ltd. UK

Model: K-Alpha.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive spectroscopic technique to determine the elemental composition of solids.

Specific features:

Al Kα micro-focused monochromator
High-performance with low power (maximum 72W) Charge Compensation
Dual-beam source
Ultra-low energy co-axial electron and Ar+ ion beam.

Electron Analyzer

Double-focusing hemispherical analyzer
Multi-element, high-transmission spectrometer input lens
128-channel detector for high quality snapshot spectra.
Kinetic energy: 5-1500ev

Type of analysis:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy(UPS)
Depth profile measurement.
XPS Mapping.

Impedance /Gain-Phase Analyzer

Make: Solartron

Model: 1260A
Impedance analyzer is used to measure complex electrical impedance as a function of test frequency.

Specifications:

Frequency resolution: 10 µHz to 32 MHz
DC Bias: ±40.95V to ±100mV
Resolution:10µHz 32MHz
Measures impedances >50 Ω
2-, 3- and 4-terminal measurement configurations
Voltage measurement range: 39mV to 3V
SMaRT software

Modular Compact Rheometer

Make: Anton Paar

Model: MCR-302
This instrument is used to characterize the visco-elastic properties of liquids in a very large range of viscosities.

Specific features:

Plate/Cone: Plate/plate, Plate/cone, Concentric cylindrical
Temp: -40 to 120 °C
Measuring Plate: 8mm, 25mm
Removable Plate: 25mm, 50mm
Removable Cone: 25mm, 40mm
Software: Rheo Compass TM.
Sample required: 1 g (Solid), 1mL (gel), and 50mL (liq)

Time Correlated Single Photon Counting Fluorescence (TCSPC)

Make: Horiba

Model: DeltaFlex-01

TDM -850 emission monochromatic
Base plate size : 695 X368 mm
Front surface sample holder
Nano Leds -280, 340, 375L, 405L, 440L, 510L
Software: Ez Time analysis software

Steady State Modular Fluorescence

Make: Horiba

Model: Fl-3C

Source: Xe
Quartz cuvette: 4 mL, 1 mL
Solid Sample (SS) Holder
Rapid Peltier temperature controlled single sample holder
FL-Sphere
Software : FluorEssence controlling software

Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)

FE-SEM is used to obtain topographical morphology and elemental information at magnifications of 10x to 300,000x, with virtually unlimited depth of field. The instrument has a high resolution of 1.5 to 2 nm. The specifications allow one to image non-conducting samples as well, when imaged under inverse bias mode.

Make: FEI
Model: Apreo LoVac
Retractable STEM 3+ Detector, DBS Detector
Aztec Standard EDS system - resolution 127 eV on Mn-kα Leica Ultra Microtome EM UC7 (Sputter Coater)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) – 400 MHz

NMR is a powerful technique to elucidate the structure of organic molecules and inorganic complexes. The instrument has the capability of measuring liquid (solution) as well as solid samples (using solid state probe). A variety of NMR active nuclei can be studies using the instrument.

Make: Bruker
Model: AV NEO (400 MHz)
Multiprobe and low temperature in-built up to -35 ℃
Magnet system: ASCEND™ 400 MHz/ 54 mm Long Hold Time Magnet operation field at 9.4 Tesla
Auto-sampler
NMR Tubes: 7” x 5.0 mm with coded caps

POWDER XRD - Rigaku ULTIMA-IV

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an analytical technique primarily used for phase identification and crystallite size of a crystalline material. The instrument is capable of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and variable temperature XRD measurements.

Make: Rigaku
Model: ULTIMA-IV
Attachments: Powder, SAXS, High temperature (RT- 1000 ℃), Capillary, Thin film
Measuring Circle Diameter: 1 cm x 1 cm x 0.5 mm, 1cm x 1cm x 0.3 mm
Angle range: 5-100°
X-ray source: Copper

Detector: Scintillation counter and dTex detector

SINGLE CRYSTAL XRD - XTALAB

Single-crystal X-ray Diffraction measurement provides detailed information about the internal lattice of crystalline substances, including unit cell dimensions, bond-lengths, bond-angles, and details of site-ordering. With single-crystal refinement, one can interpret and refine the data to obtain the crystal structure.

Make: Rigaku oxford
Model: XTALAB
Source: Mo (50mA, 40kV), Cu (50mA, 0.6kV)
Detector: Dectris Pilatus 3R 200K-A
Software: CrysAlisPro XtaLAB
Cryo system: up to -180 ℃

Dynamic range: >1,000,000:1 per pixel

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Atomic Force Microscopy:

AFM: The AFM consists of a cantilever with a sharp tip at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The cantilever is typically silicon nitride with a tip radius of curvature on the order of nanometers. When the tip is brought into proximity of a sample surface, forces between the tip and the sample lead to a deflection of the cantilever according to Hooke’s law. The forces are measured in AFM include mechanical contact force, van der waals forces, capillary forces, chemical bonding, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces etc.

Measurement provides topographic (height) information or size (height/thickness) distribution in solid samples (soft/hard materials) under ambient conditions.

General Information: Make – Nanosurf (Switzerland), Model – CoreAFM, Year of Installation – 2024.
Features: Maximum scan range XYZ up to 100 x 100 x 12 μm, Cameras for tip surface distance adjustment, Data acquisition and analysis software
Imaging Modes: Static force, Dynamic force, Phase Contrast, Lateral force, Standard spectroscopy, Force Modulation, Standard lithography, Standard Conductive AFM, EFM, MFM, Liquid cell imaging
Sample Requirements:
1. Specimen Size- Samples up to 100* 100 mm in size and 10mm in thickness.
2. Sample Requirement- Film-type samples.
Location: Analytical Lab- I, D228, Chemical Engineering

Autosorb iQ

Make: Anton Paar Model: Autosorb iQ Autosorb iQ Instrument: Autosorb iQ is a flexible automated gas sorption instrument that is capable of determining the specific surface area, active area, pore volume, and pore size distribution of porous solids in compliance with more than 20 ASTM, DIN, and ISO standard test methods. Technical specifications: • Adsorbates N2, Ar, Kr, CO2, O2, H2, etc • Analysis Dewar 3L, 90+ hours (Liquid nitrogen) • Cryogen level control Active sensor/elevator • Degassing Four dedicated and built-in degassing ports Operate simultaneously with analysis Up to 450 °C with quartz mantles/glassware Vacuum level mon-itored with Pirani. • Physical and utilities Width: 699 mm (28 inches) Height: 1035 mm (41 inches) Depth: 705 mm (28 inches) Weight: 148 kg (325 pounds) Electrical: 100 to 240VAC, 50/60Hz, single phase Controller: PC with Windows® 7 or newer, 64-bit compatible software

Dynamic Light Scattering

Make: Anton Paar

Model: Litesizer DLS 700

Dynamic Light Scattering Instrument : The Litesizer DLS particle analyzers measure particle size, particle concentration, zeta potential, and molecular mass by light scattering technology, such as transmittance and refractive index, with ingeniously simple software. Particle characterization from the nanometer to the micrometer range High resolution of different size populations via multi-angle particle sizing (MAPS) Concentration determination of up to three different size classes within one sample.

Technical specifications:

General specifications

Light source Semiconductor laser diode / 40 mW, 658nm
Laser warm-up time 6 min
Temperature control range 0 °C to 90 °C
Ambient operating temperature 10 °C to 35 °C
Humidity Up to 80 % non-condensing
Dimensions (W, D, H) 460 mm, 485 mm, 135 mm
Weight 18 kg (40 lb)

Particle size specifications:

Measurement principle Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Measuring range 3 nm to 10 μm (particle diameter)
Measurement angles 15°, 90°, 175°, Multi-angle particle sizing (MAPS)
concentration 0.1 mg/mL (lysozyme)lower than 0.00001 % (0.1 ppm, Latex 100 nm)
concentration 50 % w/v (sample-dependent)
sample volume 12 µL
Accuracy Better than +/-2 % on NIST traceable standards
Repeatability Better than +/-2 % on NIST traceable standards

EPR Spectrometer

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) / Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

Make: Bruker

Model: Magnettech ESR5000 Benchtop Spectrometer

EPR Spectroscopy: EPR spectroscopy is based on the absorption of microwave radiation by an unpaired electron in the presence of a strong magnetic field. EPR is a useful tool for studying paramagnetic species, such as organic radicals, inorganic radicals, and triplet states. The fundamental concepts of EPR are quite similar to those of the more common Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), with the exception that EPR concentrates on the interaction of an external magnetic field with unpaired electrons in a molecule rather than the nuclei of individual atoms.

Operational Aspects:

Operating Frequency	9.2 – 9.6GHz (X-band)
Magnetic Field Range	25 – 600mT
Temperature Range	-180°C to +200°C
Modulation Frequency	100KHz
Microwave Power(Max)	100mW
Sample Holders	Quartz tubes and Capillaries
Type of Samples	Powders and Liquids
EPR Spectrometer Software	ESR Studio

Application: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an effective approach for studying chemical species with unpaired electrons. It has been extensively employed in a variety of Scientific fields, including Chemistry, Biology, Material sciences, Physics, and Food sciences.

LASER SCANNING CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE (LSCM) DMI

This technique allows one to capture multiple two-dimensional images at different depths in a sample and enables their construction into three-dimensional images. It is widely used in various disciplines such as cell biology, genetics, microbiology, developmental biology, pharmacy and nanotechnology.

Make: Leica
Model: TCS SP8
Microscope: DMi8
Magnification: 10x, 20x, 40x, 63x
Lasers: 405, 458, 488, 514, 561, 594, 633 nm
Detector: PMT 1, PMT 2, HyD 3, PMT 4 and PMT Trans

Software: LAS X

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE (UTM)

The universal testing machine is a testing system designed to determine the mechanical properties of the specimens of various types of materials such as metals, polymers, elastomers, ceramics, biomaterials and composites, as per ASTM standards. This is achieved through mechanical loading by an electromechanical drive.

Make: Zwick Roell Z100
Load Cells: 100 kN and 5 kN
Testing: Tension, Compression and Flexure
Extensometer: Contact as well as Laser (Green)
Operation: Constant engineering as well as true strain rate conditions
Temperature chamber: -170 °C to 200 °C
High-temperature furnace: up to 1200 °Celsius

CIRCULAR DICHROISM (CD) SPECTROPHOTOMETER J-1500

Circular dichroism (CD) measures the difference in absorbance of right- and left-circularly polarized light (rather than the commonly used absorbance of isotropic light) by a substance. The CD spectra are widely used to study the secondary structures of biological samples such as peptides and proteins.

Make: Jasco
Model: J-1500
Software: Spectra Manager
Detector: PMT
Wavelength range: 190-800 nm (UV-Vis)

Cuvettes: 1mm, 2mm, 5mm, 10mm

ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (ED-XRF) EPSILON-1

ED-XRF is utilized in the identification and quantification of elements in a substance. The characteristic X-ray Fluorescence radiation intensity from the sample is compared with the standard library and calibration curves.

Make: PANalytical
Model: Epsilon-1 (ED-XRF)
Element range: Sodium to Americium

Liquid and Solid

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY- MASS SPECTROSCOPY(LC-MS-8040)

This technique is typically used to separate and analyze biological, organic, and inorganic compounds commonly found in a mixture. The technique also helps in identifying unknown compounds in complex sample matrices and quantify low level proteins, contaminants, pesticides, or drug metabolites with accuracy and reliability.

Make: Shimadzu
Model: LCMS 8040
Modes: ESI and APCI

Triple Quadrupole upto 2000 m/z value

HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) - 2

This chromatographic technique is an advanced version of liquid chromatography that is used to separate, identify, and quantify the components in a mixture of organic molecules.

Make: Shimadzu
Model: UFLC
Fluorescence detector

Second instrument: PDA detector

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY GC-2010 PLUS

Gas chromatography (GC) is useful in separating and analyzing compounds that vaporize without decomposition. Like liquid chromatography, GC is used to test the purity of a particular substance, or separate and quantify the different components of a mixture.

Make: Shimadzu
Model: GC-2010 PLUS
Column: FID, TCD
Max pressure: 970 kPa
Max flow rate: 1200 ml/min
Temperature range: RT to 400 ℃
Auto Injector
Carrier gas: Helium, Nitrogen, carbon dioxide

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AA-7000

Atomic absorption spectroscopy is used for the identification and quantification of metals in ultra-low concentration present in different solutions.

Make: Shimadzu
Model: AA7000
Lamps: 16 (Hg, Pd, As, Pb, Fe, Cd, Pt, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co, Al, Na, K, Cu, Ru, Ca)
Lamp mode: EMISSION, NON-BGC, BGC-D2, BGC-SR
Wavelength range: 185 nm to 900 nm
Temperature range: RT to 3000 ℃
Carrier gas: Ar, Acetylene, Nitrous Oxide
Detection limit: ppm level

DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETER DSC-60

This instrument measures the thermal fluctuations as a function of temperature in a sample. This is used to follow physical and chemical changes such as melting, crystallization, glass transition, endothermic and exothermic reactions.

Make: Shimadzu
Model: DSC-60
Temperature range: RT to 500 ℃
Measurement range: RT to 500 ℃
Heating rate: 5,10,15,20 ℃/min
Cooling rate: 5,10,15,20 ℃/min
Atmosphere: Zero air, Nitrogen
Flow rate: 50,100 ml/min

DIFFERENTIAL THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS DTG-60

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provides information about thermal stability and degradation pattern of organic, inorganic and polymeric samples. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) simultaneously reveals the enthalpy of the physical and chemical changes as a function of temperature.

Make/Model: Shimadzu DTG-60
Temperature range: RT- 1000 ℃
TG measurement range: upto 1000 ℃
DTA measurement range: upto 1000 ℃
Programmable rate: 5,10,15,20 ℃/min
Atmosphere: Nitrogen, Zero Air
Flow rate: 50,100 ml/min

Sensitivity of microbalance: 0.1 microgram

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analyzer

BET Surface Area Analyzer measures the specific surface area of powders, solids and granules. In addition, the technique also gives other valuable information such as pore size, pore size distribution, pore diameter and pore volume.

Make: Microtrac Bel
Model: BEL SORP mini II
Gases: Helium, Nitrogen, carbon dioxide

Software: BEL SORP mini

Other Instrumental Facilities

UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER V-650 (190-900 nm)

Make: Jasco
Model: V-650
Wavelength range: 190-900 nm
Double beam system with single monochromator
Wavelength accuracy: +/- 0.2 nm
Repeatability: +/- 0.05
Software: Spectra Manager

SPECTROFLUOROMETER FP-6300 (190-900 nm)

Make: Jasco
Model: FP-6300
Wavelength range: 190-900 nm

DIGITAL POLARIMETER P-2000

Make: Jasco
Model: P-2000
Wavelength: 325, 365, 405, 436, 546, 589, 633 nm
Lamp: Sodium Lamp, Halogen lamp
Wavelength range: UV-Vis-NIR
Software: Spectra Manager

FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROMETER FTIR-4200

Make: Jasco
Model: FTIR-4200
Spectral range: 400-4000 nm
Resolution: +/- 0.5
Wavenumber accuracy: +/- 0.01 cm-1
Ge/KBr beam splitter
DLATGS Detector
DRA-81
Solid / liquid samples about 2 mg. Solvent should be specified for measurement in solution phases

UV-VIS-NIR SPECTROPHOTOMETER UV- 670 (190-3200 nm)

Make: Jasco
Model: UV-670
Spectral Range: 190-3200 nm

Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy

Make: Agilent Model: 8890 GC System, 7000D GC/TQ Gas Chromatography (GC) :GC-MS is used for analyzing reaction products, identifying impurities, optimizing processes, and studying volatile compounds in petrochemicals, polymers, and specialty chemicals. Mass Spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions, providing detailed information about the molecular weight, structure, and composition of compounds. Technical specifications: • Mass Accuracy: ±0.1 amu or better. • Mass Range: Up to m/z 1500. • Detector: Triple-axis HED-EM with extended life. • Ion Source: High-efficiency electron ionization (HES 2.0). • Sensitivity: Detection limits as low as 20 fg. • Vacuum System: Dual-stage turbomolecular pumps. • Automation: SWARM autotune and real-time diagnostics. • Software: MassHunter for method optimization and data analysis. • Scan Speed: Greater than 30,000 amu/sec. • Maintenance: JetClean ion source for reduced downtime Lab Location: Materials Centre for Sustainable Energy & Environment (McSEE) (near workshop)

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)

Make :ThermoFisher Scientific.

Model :ICP-MS iCAPRQ.

Working Principle :

ICP-MS analysis requires the use of liquefied sample solutions. The sample solution is introduced into the device where it becomes nebulized in a spray chamber. Aerosol samples are transported into the core of the inductively coupled argon plasma, where they are completely desolvated, atomized, and ionized. These ions are then extracted from the plasma by skimmer and interference cones and extraction lenses. After going through the lenses, the ion particles are further refined by going through an off-axis ion lens removing photons and neutral ions, reducing background noise.

Polyatomic ions which act as interferences are removed using kinetic energy discrimination, where the larger polyatomic ions lose energy faster than the analyte ions and are easily removed from the sample beam. From there, the beam of ions travels into the hyperbolic quadrupole of the mass spectrometer and the ions are separated by their mass-to-charge ratio, allowing only the selected ions to travel on towards the detector to be measured and reported by the ICP-MS in terms of counts per second and concentration. The system can detect element from Lithium to Uranium.

Applications :

Organic compounds, Pharmaceuticals
Food & Agricultural Industries
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
Geological & Environmental samples
Organometallics
Metals and alloys ... etc

Specifications:
1) Detection range and limit : Li to U, up to sub ppb or Up to 70 elements (from Li to U)

Plasma source:Argon, 18 L / min flow rate
2)Frequency : 40 MHz, free running
3) Power : 1600 Watts
4) Torch : Concentric Quartz Tube
5) Injector : Alumina, 2.0 mm i. d.
6) Spray Chamber : Scott Type
7) Nebulizer : Cross flow design with Gem Tips
8) Variable speed Peristaltic Pump

9) Dynamic Reaction Cell

Real -Time PCR system

Make: Bio-RAD

Model: CFX Opus 96

RTPCR: The CFX Opus Real-Time PCR Systems (known as the CFX Opus) are real-time PCR systems with an integrated 96-well or 96-well large volume sample block, depending on the system. Thermal cyclers are essential laboratory equipment for laboratories that run polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for sequencing, cloning, gene expression studies, mutagenesis, and many other applications.

Technical specifications:

Lid temperature 30–110°C
Heating and cooling method Peltier
Temperature range 4–100°C
Increment -10°C to 10°C/cycle
Gradient Operational range 30–100°C
Programmable span 1–24°C
Temperature accuracy ±0.2°C of programmed target at 90°C
Temperature uniformity ±0.3°C well-to-well within 10 sec of arrival at

90°C

Sample Block Performance Specifications:

Volume 1–50 µl (10–50 µl Recommended)
Maximum ramp rate 5°C/sec
Average ramp rate 3°C/sec

Optical Detection Performance Specifications:

Excitation 6 filtered LEDs
Detection 6 filtered photodiodes
Range of excitation/emission

Wavelengths 450-730 nm

Multiplex analysis 5 targets per well
Scan time All channels 12 sec
Single-channel 3 sec
fast scan Yes
Sensitivity Detects 1 copy of target sequence in human

genomic DNA

Dynamic range 10 orders of magnitude

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM)

Make: Microsense LLC (a KLA Company)

Model: EZ7

VSM: A Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) is based on Faraday's Law of Induction, which states that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This electric field can be measured, providing information about the changing magnetic field. A VSM is used for measuring the magnetic behavior of magnetic materials.

Operational Aspects:

Magnetic Field (Max)	1.9T, upto 2.6T at 3.5mm gap
Temperature	Ambient
Sample Rotation	Automatic rotation option allows the vibration unit to be rotated
Sample Holders	Quartz rods
Type of Samples	Powders, Thin films & Solid Pellets
VSM System Software	Easy VSM

Application: The Vibrating Sample Magnetometer has become an essential instrument for determining the magnetic properties of a wide range of materials, including diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic. VSM’s have a wide range of applications in areas such as Materials Science, Physics, and Engineering. The VSM determines the magnetic moment of materials as a function of field, angle, temperature, time, and applied electric voltage.

For Further Information Contact

Central Analytical Laboratory
Incharge : Prof. Ramakrishnan Ganesan
Email : ram.ganesan@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
Phone No.:- 040-66303602

Incharge : Prof.Aravinda N Raghavan
Email : raghavan@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
Phone No.:- 040-66303530

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Central Analytical Laboratory

Central Analytical Laboratory

The Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL, B-108 & D-109) is well equipped with a number of sophisticated analytical instruments for the regular course works and research related activities. The following instrumental facilities as already established and available for services.

State-of-the-Art Facilities and Specifications

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